Why is the water blue?

 After running boats for a while, you find a pattern in the questions that people ask. There is a common thread of curiosity that leads to the same questions being asked by people who come out on boats for the first time.

As a public service, I have compiled a list of the most commonly asked questions. In doing this, I hope to accomplish two things: first, to definitively answer some of the more frequently asked questions for those new to boats, diving, the oceans and waterways. Secondly, to provide some peace and quite for hundreds of captains, who after an exhaustive study of the surrounding night life, only want to stick their foot in the spokes of the wheel and get some sleep until they reach the dive site.

Q: How do I get such a cushy job?

A: Really screw up the one you have now. Give up everything you own. Move to a tropical climate. Be prepared to answer this question seriously while keeping a straight face.

Q: Do fish get seasick?

A: Yes, they really do. They can actually die from it. You, on the other hand, will only be able to wish you could get your hands on a gun.

Q: Is the water warm?

A: You just flew in from Bismarck, North Dakota. The air temperature there is -700 degrees Fahrenheit. If you stay here two weeks, you might be thawed out enough for it to make a difference.

Q: Why is the ocean salty?

A: If it wasn't, we'd have to call it Lake Atlantic.

Q: I just saw a fish. It was this long, and had dots. And I think stripes. Can you tell me what it was?

A: a) Blue parrot fish

   b) Stoplight parrot fish

   c) Yellowtail

   d) Nile catfish

Q: What are all those brightly colored rocks?

A: Coral. The rocks are under it.

Q: Can you get me back in time to catch my plane?

A: Yes, we have an agreement with the airlines. We get you back to the dock, they promise US they won't leave without you.

Q: Do you take American money?

A: Try and stop us.

Q: Are there any sharks out here?

A: Yes, but you have nothing to worry about. They're full. They ate the morning trip. (If you ARE the morning trip, you have nothing to worry about until you hear the music speed up.)

Q: Are we there yet?

A: Yes, but we're driving around in circles so you'll think we're really far offshore.

Q: How long have you been doing this?

A: Since early this morning.

Q: Do you live here?

A: No, the whole crew flies in from Twinsberg, Ohio every morning.

Q: Why are all the fish under the boat?

A: Guess.

Q: Do you carry extra weight on board?

A: Yes, but you can't have it. She owns the boat.

Q: Why is the water blue?

A: Very simplistically, because of the depth of the water. The deeper the water, the bluer it looks. If you are in Royal blue or purple water, you're probably in over your head.

                                                                                                                                                      

What's the problem with electronic navigation?

Almost every boat, from a flats sea grass killer to a megayacht, which leaves the dock now, has some form of electronic navigation. From a handheld gps to full-blown nav systems with twenty-two in touch screens, we all navigate with the greatest of ease nowadays. So what is the problem? We do not think about navigation anymore.

The key word is “think.” Anyone can walk onto a boat, push a few buttons, enter coordinates from a waypoint card or position index and off we go. With enough fuel we can navigate across oceans when some people should not be allowed off the dock. Do we understand what we are seeing when we look at the screen of a plotter? Many people do not.

There are the navigationally challenged among us. Take the case of a friend of mine who is tall ship master. On a break, he took a position as second captain on a 113’ Hatteras, on its way to Nassau in the Bahamas. About an hour off the dock the lead captain confessed to my friend he had no idea on how to get there. My friend took over the navigational duties and kept on eye on things until they got there and then he flew home.

Until fairly recently I was an instructor at a maritime school that trained people how to take the Coast Guard exams for various licenses. I taught the 6 pack through 200 ton courses. With 6 packers you expect a lack of knowledge. Many of them, good captains though they may be, rarely go much further than just out of sight of land. For them navigation is a not a great concern. As you climb the ranks, it becomes a much greater consideration. Just ask the commanders of two, not one but two, nuclear subs that ran aground within months of each other while entering Port Everglades.

I had one student who told me he ran an 85 footer for five years but he might have trouble with the chart work. When I asked him why, he said in all that time they never had a compass on board.

Many captains fail to correlate the fact that chart plotters reproduce actual charts. Raster plotters use a high-resolution photo or scan of an actual chart and use software to move it around and zoom in or out, etc. Vector systems reproduce the chart through a series of crossing lines or vectors, and some chart plotters can use both. (See this quick but clear example of the two here.)I am not going to discuss the relative merits of each here. Study up and see which fits your needs best.

One of the things that bothers me most are people who should know better, but cannot read a chart or navigate using one. Batteries die, electrical systems fail, computers freeze and yet people leave the dock with a complete dependence on electronics with no idea what to do if things go south.

So many captains who came through the classes, even at the upper levels, could not do a simple time, distance, speed computation. An example: Calculate time speed distance. Every captain should own a copy of Chapman’s Piloting, Seamanship and Small Boat Handling. At the very least, go the section on basic navigation and work a problem or two.

In order to use a chart plotter effectively and safely, you have to understand latitude and longitude and know how to read a chart. Your plotter will happily run your boat right over a reef if you YOU do not plot a course around it.

Another thing that can get you into to trouble is using charts and computer chips that have two different WGS survey dates. This can affect dramatically the accuracy of your position fix.  Take look here for an explanation. The offset between ED-50 and WGS-84 will typically be in the order of 100 metres. On charts with Norwegian Datum, the difference between the chart graticule and WGS-84 can reach 4-500 metres. With such a large difference between the graticules, it will be very important that the navigator takes this into consideration. If you want the US version an a longer and better explanation, go here. Especially read about how much the thickness of your pencil lead can put your position off.

Don’t know or care what a “graticule” is? Does not matter. What does matter is that the differences in charts can put you off your position by over 1600 feet. Try that on a night approach to Bimini.
Now, lest you think I’m some kind of Luddite old fogey, I’m not. I love what computers on boats can do. I have taught classes on using the various software packages that are out there. I was even on a development team for a large producer of navigational software. However, as much as I enjoy the ease of use, the convenience and interface available with today’s navigation computers, I do not relinquish control of my boat to them.
Get yourself some charts, even a few for you area of cruising and become familiar with them. Besides, you have to have some place to put your coffee cup.
Remember, it’s pointy end first.

Why I want to be a Captain

Treasure and Adventure Awaits!

Written by a ten year old schoolboy and published in the 1993 March Maritime Officer.

I want to be a captain when I grow up because it’s a funny job and easy to do. Captains don’t need much school education they just have to learn numbers so they can read the instruments. I guess they should be able to read maps so they won’t get lost. Captains should be brave so they won’t be scared if it’s foggy and they can’t see, or if a propeller falls off they should stay calm so they will know what to do. Captains have to have eyes to see through clouds and they can’t be afraid of thunder or lightning because they are closer to them than we are.
The salary that captains make is another thing I like. They make more money than they can spend. This is because most people think that captaining a ship is dangerous, except captains, because they know how easy it is. There isn’t much I don’t like, except girls like captains and all the girls want to marry captains so they always have to chase them away so they won’t bother them. I hope I don’t get seasick because I get car sick and if I get seasick I could not be a captain and then I would have to go to work.

Anchors Aweigh

Leaving the dock and getting underway. We hope to have a lot fun here while providing interesting and useful information. We are going to try and keep the reviews and articles short and to the point. Of course as soon as we get the chance, we will violate this idea, as some subjects require more information.

Check in as often as you can.

Looking for contributors also. Please e-mail me if you're interested in writing for the blog.